assigment # 2 Writers

4. What are some of the fears these highly successful writers have about writing?

some fears are that they can’t express thier ideas clearly to the readers.

5. What are some of the difficulties they have when they are writing?

some of the difficulties are that they have to read their books one and one more time to check any error that they have done and accept any critic from the expert of reading, and also they have to spend many time transpassing and writing their stories.

6. What are some of the positive aspects to writing?

One of them, is that they can hide or keep in secret some episodes, in order to open the readers’mind. This important becuase the readers can conclude their own end instead of one wrote.

Another one is that they have to find out,discover,learn,approach to real things of life to make a change on fiction or realia
7. Do you feel these authors enjoy being writers? Why?

yes, they find it very gratifying, because they can develop and express their ideas in any way they want, they are they own directors . the only one thing that they find difficult is that is long long process to give and end, because each time that they write, many ideas comes to their minds.that’s why they enjoy being writers!

8. Is reading an important facet of writing? Why?

in my point of view, it has a great importance because any person that read a lot, always can say somthing about any topic. He will have a wide vocabulary to express what he wants,informal or formal way with a good background.

9. In your opinion, what are the 3 most important things which will make your writing successful?

Tidy,organized and creative, the three essential aspect to make a succesful writing paper.

assigment # 1 writing

1. According to the article, why was writing invented?

Was invented, in order to recording information, to comunicate and make things more easier.

2. Writing is both a noun and a verb. Explain.

writing as a noun, the thing that is written; and writing as a verb, which designates the activity of writing. It refers to the inscription of characters on a medium, thereby forming words, and larger units of language, known as texts.

3. Name the 4 different categories of writing systems.

logographic, syllabic, alphabetic, and featural.

4. Why are ideographic and pictographic methods NOT considered categories of

writing systems?

Ideographic: (symbols for ideas), never was developed sufficiently to represent language.

Pictographic: was insufficient to represent language on its own

5. Name 10 different types of writing tools and materials.

There are: stone tablets, clay tablets, wax tablets, vellum, parchment, paper, copperplate, styluses, quills, ink brushes, pencils, pens, and many styles of lithography

6. True or False: The difference between prehistory and history is when written records were kept.

False

7. Who developed the first writing system:

a. Sumerians

b. Mesopotamians

c. Hittites

d. none of these answers are correct.

8. Which cultural group were the only ones to develop a written language in the Americas?

By the Maya culture

9. It is possible that the Chinese language was developed:

a. c. 1500 BCE

b. c. 6000 BCE

c. c. 3200 BCE

d. none of the answers are correct.

10. Where does the word, alphabet, originate?

The word "alphabet" came into Middle English from the Late Latin word Alphabetum, which in turn originated in the Ancient Greek.

Alphabetos, from “alpha” and “beta”, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.

11. Name 3 types of NON-linear writing systems.

numerals, mathematical symbols, and punctuation.

12. Name 2 examples of NON-alphabetic writing systems.

Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese characters are two of the best-known writing systems with predominantly non-alphabetic representations.

13. The alphabet helps distinguish between which 2 types of spoken sounds?

the International Phonetic Alphabet and phonetic approximation of foreign words.

14. In English, what was The Great Vowel Shift?

æ in Old English

15. Japanese is a complicated language not only because there a 3 different forms of the written language and there are at least 14 levels of formality, but because the spoken language originated from the Korean peninsula and the written language originated from China. English has a similar complicated history. Briefly explain the origins of the English language.

English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands.

Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate.

The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman.

Assignment Middle English

1. Approximately when was Middle English spoken?

it's was spoken between the norman invasion of 1066 and about 1470, when the Chancery Standard, began to become widespread.

2. What were the major factors which led to the development and the spread of Middle English?

the major factors were:

• the pre-conquest period which displays a wide variety of scribals and presumably dialectal forms.

• the emergency of more distinct local scribal styles and written dialects and the general pattern of transition of activity over the centuries that follow, as Northumbria,East Anglia and London emerge succesively as major centres of literary production, with their own generic interests.
  

3. Match the following Old English words with their Anglo-Norman equivalent:

A. Pig : pork
B. Cow : beef
C. Wood : forest
D. Sheep : mutton
E. House : mansion
F. Worthy : honourable
G. Bold : courageous

4. Compare & contrast the structure of nouns, pronouns and verbs, between Middle English & Modern English.

Nouns: middle english retains only two separate noun-ending patterns. modern english, the strong "s" plural has survived yet.

Verbs: the majority of them follow the general rule, adding an "ed" "d" or "t" at the end, and strong verbs changing their stem vowel as in modern english.

Pronoun: the old english survived into middle english yet with only minor spelling variations as the gradual abolition of the useless distintions between the nominative,accusative,genitive and dative cases.

5. How is pronunciation different between Middle English and Modern English?

In Middle english words were pronounced and Modern english come from pronounciation shifts, which means that pronunciation is no longer closely reflected by the written form because if fixed spelling constraints imposed by the invention of dicyionaries and printing.

6. What is the Chancery Standard, and how did it come into effect?

Chancery Standrd was a written form of english used by the goverment bureaucracy and for the other official purposes from the late 14th century.
it comes into effect for the areas like polical and demographic centres because it was thought that the london form could be confused with words.

7. Who wrote the Canterbury Tales?

was written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century.

8. Describe the medieval pilgrims who journeyed from Canterbury to London.

Medieval pilgrims: were people from all classes, upper and lower sucha as: a prioress,a monk and a pardoner. They traveled alongside a shipman,miller,carpenter,reeve,squire,yeoman and a knight among others.

9. Why did the pilgrims take this journey?

they did the jouney to pay their respects to the tomb of Saint Thomas Becket at the Canterbury Cathedral.

10. It is thought that some of the stories in The Canterbury Tales originated in Italy. What was the name of the Italian book and who wrote it?

Italian Book: The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio.

11. The Canterbury Tales is considered an extremely important book, both in terms of English Literature & in the history of English writing. In your opinion, why is this book so important?

It's so import because its :

• rethorical forms and linguistic styles
• historical context, the peasant's revolt of 1381
  
• themes such as, courtly love,treachery avarice and religious

12. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is:

A detailed explanation of the proper etiquette & behaviour for all knights in Medieval Europe.

13. Who is Sir Gawain?

A knight of king Arthur's round table.

14. What is the challenge that The Green Knight proposes to the Knights of the Round Table?

the green knight offers to allow anyone to strike him with his axe if the challenger will take a return blow in a year and a day.
15. What is the similarity between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and the Irish tale of Cúchulainn?

the similarity among this tales are the chivalry and the loyalty.

16. What is the importance of the pentagram/pentangle in the poem?

is that they decribes the pentangle as a symbol of " faithfulness and endless knot".
it also is associated with magical charms,magical forces and also symbolises " the phenomenon of physically endless object signifying a temporally endless quality".

17. How are numbers used to symbolize events in the poem?

• three: the temptation on three separate ways; kisses, hunting and swings at gawain three times with his axe.
• two: two confessions scenes and two castles
• five: the five points of the pentagle code;or the five moral virtues of the chivalry code: frienship,generosity,chastity,courtesy and piety.
• eleven: is associated with transgression.

18. What is the significance of Sir Gawain's neck wound?

is considered an outward sing of inward sin.
the neck,specifically, was believed to correlate with the part of the soul related to will.

19. Which actor played The Green Knight in the film adaptation, Sword of the Valiant?

the actor was Sean Connery.

20. In many ways this poem is, in the modern sense, a soap opera. Compare Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with a modern Chilean teleseries.

I don't find yet something similar to this poem in the chileans teleseries but I'm going to try to find one and comapare because at the moment nothing comes to my mind...